ABSTRACT
The early detection and diagnosis of deaths in free-ranging non-human primates (NHPs) are key points for the surveillance of Yellow Fever (YF) in Brazil. The histopathological identification of infectious diseases remains very useful and reliable in the screening and detection of emerging zoonotic diseases such as YF. We surveyed data records and liver slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin from the Epizootics Surveillance Network to control YF, Ministry of Health of Brazil, to evaluate histopathological hallmarks for the diagnosis of the YF virus infection. We selected natural fatal cases in NHPs from the genera Alouatta spp., Callithrix spp., and Sapajus spp. with a positive immunohistochemical assay for YF in liver samples. Our findings showed the full-spectrum YF-associated hepatic lesions in all NHPs, but some histopathological findings differed in the distribution and intensity between the three genera. In our study, South American NHPs showed significant differences in the YF-associated hepatic histopathological features compared to fatal cases reported in humans.
Subject(s)
Alouatta , Yellow Fever , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Callithrix , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Yellow Fever/prevention & control , Yellow fever virus , Zoonoses/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HuAHV1) causes fatal neurologic infections in captive New World primates. To determine risks for interspecies transmission, we examined data for 13 free-ranging, black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) that died of HuAHV1 infection and had been in close contact with humans in anthropized areas in Brazil during 2012-2019. We evaluated pathologic changes in the marmosets, localized virus and antigen, and assessed epidemiologic features. The main clinical findings were neurologic signs, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, and ulcerative glossitis; 1 animal had necrotizing hepatitis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed intranuclear herpetic inclusions, and immunostaining revealed HuAHV1 and herpesvirus particles in neurons, glial cells, tongue mucosal epithelium, and hepatocytes. PCR confirmed HuAHV1 infection. These findings illustrate how disruption of the One Health equilibrium in anthropized environments poses risks for interspecies virus transmission with potential spillover not only from animals to humans but also from humans to free-ranging nonhuman primates or other animals.
Subject(s)
Callithrix , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Callithrix/physiology , HumansABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Kato-Katz is a laboratory method recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (BMH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as the gold standard for the diagnosis of human infection by Schistosoma mansoni. The method has great clinical and epidemiological relevance because it allows the parasite load quantification of the infected patient by calculating the number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces. This classification may also be used to estimate the intensity of infection in the communities, to measure the impact of disease control measures, as well as to establish quality parameters for reading the slides. Objective: To describe the correct laboratory procedures for the parasitological diagnosis of S. mansoni infection by the Kato-Katz method based on the quality control protocol established by the Laboratory and Reference Service in Schistosomiasis/Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM)/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)/BMH. Methods: We describe: 1) the technical steps for fecal sample preparation and reading the slides; 2) the technical limitations; 3) the standard operating procedure (SOP) to be adopted by laboratories; 4) the methodology for the internal and external quality control of the reading slides results; and 5) the tolerance limits accepted for such control. Conclusion: This study provides the laboratory which performs the diagnosis of schistosomiasis using the Kato-Katz method with parameters to implement a diagnostic service that can be evaluated internally and externally. The establishment of a quality protocol enables the comparison of data and the identification of failures in the operational procedure, which can be corrected by training personnel and taking actions for the problems identified.
RESUMO Introdução: O Kato-Katz é o método laboratorial adotado pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS) e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico da infecção humana pelo Schistosoma mansoni, sendo uma ferramenta de relevância clínica e epidemiológica, visto que permite classificar a carga parasitária do indivíduo infectado pelo cálculo de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Essa classificação pode também ser utilizada para estimar a intensidade da infecção nas comunidades, mensurar o impacto de medidas de controle da doença bem como estabelecer parâmetros de qualidade para a leitura das lâminas. Objetivo: Descrever os procedimentos laboratoriais corretos para o diagnóstico parasitológico da infecção pelo S. mansoni pelo método Kato-Katz a partir do protocolo de controle de qualidade estabelecido pelo Laboratório e pelo Serviço de Referência em Esquistossomose/Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM)/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)/MS. Método: São descritas: 1) as etapas técnicas para o preparo das amostras de fezes e a leitura das lâminas; 2) as limitações da técnica; 3) o procedimento operacional padrão (POP) a ser adotado pelos laboratórios; 4) a metodologia para o controle de qualidade interno e externo da leitura das lâminas; e 5) os limites de tolerância aceitos para tal controle. Conclusão: Este trabalho instrumentaliza os laboratórios que realizam o diagnóstico da esquistossomose pelo método Kato-Katz com parâmetros para implantar um serviço diagnóstico passível de ser avaliado interna e externamente. O estabelecimento de um protocolo de qualidade viabiliza a comparação de dados e a identificação de falhas no procedimento operacional, que poderão ser corrigidas por meio de capacitação de pessoal e tomada de medidas para os problemas identificados.
